Abstract:

While the invention of the printing press increased the availability of written materials for most people, it served to widen the gulf between the so-called print handicapped and their access to information. The advent of the computer and of adaptive technology to facilitate its use by users with disabilities is making information available to persons with disabilities as never before. The global linking of computers expands the accessible world of information and brings it to the users' fingertips. Libraries are increasingly adapting to electronic documents and catalogs, and now are capable of accommodating a whole new class of patrons.

Introduction:

The invention of the printing press increased the availability of written materials for most people, but it served to create new barriers to information for the visually impaired. Similarly, those who could not hold books or turn pages found themselves excluded from the world of print information. The invention of braille and other tactile reading systems partially helped those who were blind, but its expense and bulk limited its usefulness. In the twentieth century, radio and recordings have helped narrow the gulf, but it has been the computer that has created a new world of access to information.

When information is digitized and stored in a computer, it can be manipulated in many ways. Visually impaired readers can use software that enlarges the display on the monitor to permit their reading it. Speech synthesizers can speak the material on the screen for the reader who is blind. Alternate input devices permit persons with motor impairments to operate a computer and to move through the text without having to hold a book or turn pages. Voice recognition systems can operate a computer. A sip- and-puff straw will let someone send signals to a computer. Other devices are available for a variety of motor disabilities.

Digitized information is also changing dissemination systems. Stores, libraries and postal delivery continue to play an important role in getting information to the user, but the so- called information highway, the complex global network of phone lines, cables and satellite transmitters have become a major mechanism to bring the user and the electronic text together.

While the price of computers continues to fall, the fact is that most persons with a print handicap are also people with severely restricted incomes. This means there is still an access disparity for this population. This is probably less true in the United States than in most countries as it has a culture that puts a high priority on purchasing and using technology. While the US government may lag behind some more socially conscious nations in providing economic support for individuals with disabilities, it is a leader in drafting legislation that aims at providing more equality for this population. The best known of these laws, of course, is the Americans With Disabilities Act.

Electronic Texts:

The computer stores information as binary numbers. Computer codes can use that information to represent mathematical numbers, alphabetical letters, other text information such as punctuation, graphical information including pictures and also store representations of sounds.

To be certain that one brand of computer can 'talk' to another and that information stored in one country can be used meaningfully across the globe, the International Standards Organization has established rules to guide hardware and software producers. The codes that relate only to texts are complex and highly technical. However, the International Committee on Accessible Document Design (ICADD) is working to see that international standards include the kind of information needed to guarantee that such digitized texts can readily interface with software intended to present that text in formats most useful to print impaired readers.

Many library reference works are now on CDROM disks rather than in print. These permit easier updating and also more efficient searching of material. In most cases, if the computer used to access the information is equipped with screen enlarging software and/or screen readers with synthesizers, this material will be accessible to print impaired patrons.

Scholars in many disciplines are pushing to have many of their resources digitized for better storage and searching. The best known and largest of these is the Oxford electronic archives of texts. It contains a rapidly growing number of texts of academic and primarily humanistic interest. The Center for machine readable texts in the United States, is also working on standardizing requirements around a widely accepted set of standards, Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML).

This is only to touch on the tip of the iceberg in English and does not venture into other language collections. While most, if not all of, these specific materials is stored in forms accessible to print handicapped readers, some digitizing of texts is not in such a format. It is possible to store a page of text as a picture of the page and not as letters. Turning a picture of words into spoken output is a much more complex topic.

The document scanner interfaced with optical character recognition, (OCR) can scan a picture of a page into computer format and then analyze it into letters, words and sentences. Many such systems have been developed for the special reading needs of the visually impaired. The resulting electronic text can be output through large screen software or through a speech synthesizer. It is common in the US for major city libraries and most university libraries to have a "reading machine" for their patrons.

The Electronic Highway:

The internet is a loose collection of computer networks, some governmental, some academic and some commercial. It spans the globe and connects uncounted millions of computers and people. It is amorphous and ever-changing and for that reason difficult to describe with any accuracy.

The internet carries thousands of discussion lists. These systems enable large numbers of people to carry on discussions on topics of common interest. The most popular list on library matters is PACS-L, the public access computer system list. The most popular discussion group with a focus on access to libraries for persons with disabilities is AXSLIB-L. It presently has several hundred subscribers in over two dozen countries. It is sponsored by EASI (Equal Access to Software and Information) an affiliate of the American Association for Higher Education. EASI is dedicated to disseminating information on disability access to computing and information technology. It also sponsors a more general discussion list on adaptive computers. Information on how to join and participate in these discussion lists will be found at the end of the paper. EASI has also created an electronic journal which is distributed over the internet freely to many hundreds of interested readers. Information Technology and Disabilities has an international board of editors, and its fall issue in 1995 will be devoted to libraries and patrons with disabilities.

While there are many ways to travel the information highway, more and more systems are providing some kind of menu-driven interface. Some of these are referred to as gophers and others as browsers for the world wide web (www). Without being technical, the user selects menu items which connect to further menus which may be on a local computer or may be across the ocean. The data travels so quickly, the users rarely have to wait. While access to a world of information is exciting and powerful for anyone, this new power is truly liberating and overwhelming for those of us who have been starved for information. I clearly remember the first time I independently accessed our college's library catalog and found, as I already knew, that my book was listed there. I felt strangely authenticated as an author and human being. I was more than fifty years old when I first looked up an item in an encyclopedia by myself.

One of the problems created by the vastness of the internet is getting lost and never finding what you want. At present, getting advice on ideal gophers or web sites for starting-points is important. See the resource information at the end of the paper.

Conclusion:

Information technology has brought help for the hungry print handicapped. Electronic text can be manipulated in many ways to assist persons with disabilities in accessing its content. The fact that information is increasingly becoming networked manes that distance becomes no barrier. Information technology can increase access to both procuring material and displaying it. HOwever, libraries and librarians will continue to play a pivotal role for all readers in finding and using materials. They also need to be alert to the needs of on-site patrons with disabilities in using electronic data. Libraries have a responsibility to meet the needs of these new patrons with disabilities. In the United States, EASI (Equal Access to Software and Information) is joining with the Association of College and Research Libraries in a project to develop and disseminate materials to libraries that will assist them in meeting this challenge.

Resources:

Listserv Discussions:

To join the general library discussion, PACS-L, send e-mail to:

listserv@uhupvm1.uh.edu

and include this one line of text in the mail:

sub pacs-l (and your first and last names in quotes)

To join either of the EASI lists mentioned in the paper, you should send e-mail to:

LISTSERV@MAELSTROM.STJOHNS.EDU

with text that reads either:

sub easi (first and last names in quotes) or sub axslib-l (first and last names in quotes)

Gopher:

The EASI gopher materials can be found by using gopher to reach sjuvm.stjohns.edu. From the top menu, select "Disabilities and Rehabilitation Resources", and from there select the EASI item on that menu.

The EASI materials on the web including its library access information is at url: http://www.rit.edu/~easi/

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