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>> HYUNG SHIK KIM: Good morning, everyone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 We might as well get started, because time's running out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 My name is Hyung Shik Kim from Korea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

The paper I'm going to deal with is on post\_secondary education for deaf students in Korea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 .

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 I'm going to deal with three aspects from this paper}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

The first is the general overview of a historical developments of education for the deaf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 The second one is having a close look at the

development of a special education in Korea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 The third one is the instruction of special tertiary education quota system in 1995}{

\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Before I talk, I really want to thank you for inviting me to come to here to share the paper and to learn something about NTID}{

\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 .

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Let me begin with the brief history of development in Korea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

Insofar as deaf education is concerned, we began in 1907 by an American missionary called Mrs.\~Hall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

At the time the focus was on language training}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 , based upon German and French methods}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 We also set up first deaf education organization as early as in 1922\~\_\_ 1920}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 I'm getting used to the system}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Also since Korean war in 1950

, welfare organizations started involved in providing education, vocational training, and other work services for the deaf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 .

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Moving on, after the Korean war, we can talk about the adoption of the first deaf education curriculum in 1967}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Since 1967, up to 1998, we have had five major revisions in this area}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

It shows a lot of confusion not knowing what would be the best curriculum for deaf education}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 The first one, what they called, syllabus\_

centered program}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Second one, curriculum\_centered program}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Third one, living\_activity\_centered program}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 The fourth one, academic centered}{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Finally, integration\_centered program}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 .

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 So you can see, a lot of variation in their approach to deaf education in Korea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 I think it is fair to say that from 1967 onward, they started talking more about language training and also vocational training}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 We also introduced the special education act in 1975 for the first time, and that was revised in 1995}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

That was actually the true beginning of special education in Korea, including deaf education}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 As of January 2005, we had 14 government\_

run deaf schools in each province}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 14 government schools in each province, which educated roughly 2,300 students}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Along with the government schools, we also had 11 private schools in major cities that educated for about 2,000 students}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 .

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 They that if you look at government and also private schools, you're looking at a total of 4,300 students in different schools, like primary, mediary, and senior high}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 It is interesting to note that private schools tended to combine educational curriculum with vocational training programs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 For the first time in 1989, the commencement of the special education act introduced early childhood education for the deaf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Before that, early childhood education was not available for deaf children}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 .

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 And also in the meantime, 1989 marked a breakaway from liberal arts education and began to include nature and social sciences as well as vocational training}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 It is very interesting that deaf student had to struggle a lot in dealing with education, such as history, art history, including Korea's education law}{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 With the limited language ability, they were subjected to deal with such difficult topics}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 .

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 And from then on, we started focusing upon independent living and vocational training, career counseling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Even now it is not very advanced, but at least they began career counseling and education of elementary Korean texts to suit the deaf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 From then on, we began to see the invitation of teachers with hands\_on experiences to contribute to the development of texts suited for deaf students.

\par And the other development was the more tests to be taken for inclusive education}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 A

nd the other one was the beginning preparation for deaf students to benefit by going to colleges and universities for the first time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

The law was passed in 1995.

\par I think the major interest for me and for you would be the introduction of the university quota system for students with the disability in 1995}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 That includes the deaf students.

\par It is written in my text, if you had a chance to have a look at it, but let me begin some interesting story to you}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

A survey conducted a few years ago showed that 97% of parents believed that their children with disability must have some opportunity to study at colleges or universities, as high as 97%}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{

\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 That's the aspirations of the parents.

\par But, on the other hand, like in many of the countries in Asia, education system is very, very competitive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

Getting an entrance, having an access to university or college, is very, very difficult for ordinary kids, not to mention disabilities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

So that for parents of disability to ensure that their children would have the privilege of studies at tertiary institutions would be very, very remote.

\par The other aspect per Judy Heumann in the early presentation mentioned, failure to attend university really means you are marked as a noncitizen, because you are denied of any opportunity for social participation and employment opportunities}{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 That means you have to lead a life of disadvantage and also exclusion from the rest of society}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 So that education means a lot to anybody, including people with disability.

\par The other point, perhaps I should have mentioned, is that more than 80% of tertiary education is provided by private foundations, private universities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 That means it is very costly to get university education}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Somewhere around $5,000 to $6,000 per year}{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 So that families with the disabled children is not very easy to send their children to universities, because of the costs involved.

\par The third factor is that even if they went to universities, the barriers, the physical barriers, of every kind, steps and not having elevators, those are minor problems}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 But the attitudinal barriers, the lecturers, professors, administrators not understanding how to deal with students with disabilities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 So that those are the barriers that we had to put up with.

\par I'm going to present a few data from not a very limited study to show how we have failed by introducing the tertiary admission quota system}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 In a nutshell, I think it would be correct to say that it was like putting the cart before the horse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

The law was fine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 The system was there}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 But that was really designed for failure rather than success.

\par Anyway, to look at the positive side of the quota system, thanks to the legislation, in the first year we saw 1,396 students getting into colleges, universities for the first time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 That sounds like quite a lot, but that only represent 1.62% of, say, 86,000 eligible students}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 Very small percentage of students actually utilized or benefited from the quota system.

\par So when you look at the figures on the screen, the quota system was introduced in 1905, and there in the first year, you see only about six universities and two colleges participated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{

\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 That's the first year}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 The number has grown up to 69, 97, and 99}{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 So by the time year 2000, after five years after the introduction of quota system, you saw around 1,500 student with

the disability, including the deaf, going to universities or colleges}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 And college sector is only about 223}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 So that nevertheless, the legislation has opened up opportunities to enable students with disabilities to benefit from tertiary education.

\par The total numbers, the first year we had about eight institutions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 After five years, about 67 institutions participating}{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Number's gone up to 1,725}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

Still, 1,700, that's less than 2% of all the eligible student with the disabilities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 So that we still have a long

way to go in terms of increasing the number of students.

\par That's a small data from another service}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

I guess the question is, not necessarily how many students end up going to tertiary institutions, but what quality of education they are getting, what support they're getting in order to be successful within the education system.

\par So we're going to have a look at educational support and quality of education}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 That was a survey done on about 974 students}{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Very limited sample, shows that out of 974, 170 students, around 18%, received academic warnings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 That means, they were told that you are not doing well enough}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 We may have to force you to withdraw from the course if you per form like this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Another 114, about 12%

, withdrew from the college courses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 They couldn't cope with the demand of the classes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 And, also, 52 students out of 974 discontinued the course, altogether dropped out from the course.

\par The table shows that the overall, the difficulty of continuing with the tertiary education and collectively th

ey indicate that one, many felt they had to persevere with difficult definitions, difficulty in terms of not getting enough support within the system, and also all kinds of prejudices or discriminations within the campus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 That's the first one, top one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Tha

t caused them to fail the course altogether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 The third one, the same one, gave up extra\_curricular activities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 .

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 They really had to concentrate on getting on with their studies, rather than being mixed with other students or joining with other programs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 The fourth one would be thought about leaving the university altogether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

So that whatever headings you're looking at, the experience of students with disability going to a tertiary education was not all that comfortable or constructive.

\par I have a separate figure which you don't have in this PowerPoint, but you may find in the sex, in the Website}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

Let me just one quote with special reference to hearing and deaf students}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 As high as 65

deaf students felt it was very difficult to get on with normal campus life, whatever that difficulties means}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 And only 25%

said that they had minor difficulties.

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\ql \fi432\li864\ri2116\sl285\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin2116\lin864\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 And about 9% felt that they had serious difficulties in getting on with studies within universities.

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi432\li864\ri2116\sl285\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin2116\lin864\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 We asked the question about whether they benefited from specially built facilities within the campus for deaf and hearing students}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 Yes, up to 36% said they had no difficulties in utilizing special facilities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 And 60%

said some difficulties, but they can cope with, with some limited facilities available.

\par And up to 5% said it was very difficult to make use of any facilities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 And 9% said very difficult to make use of any facilities.

\par What those tentative data show is that universities were successful in getting students limited}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

I want you to understand the meaning of special quota system}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

That really means universities are granted to enroll students outside normal quota system}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

To put it the other way around, they can collect extra fees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 They can earn extra money by admitting people with disabilities}{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 That means quite a lot for private institutions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 A lot of money involved}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 But I'm saying, why are they collecting money, extra money, through extra quota system}{

\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 They were not investing enough money to improve the facilities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 We have to deal with the problem, actually, to make the system go on.

\par We also looked at what kind of difficulties they experiencing in campus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

As you can see from the slide, the first one was the difficulties with the studies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

That really means that students with the disabilities need a lot of extra support}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 You know what that really means}{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 ? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 A lot of support to enable them to really make progress with their studies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Use or lack of study aid in facilities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 There are very limited facilities}{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Relationships with faculties and also teaching assistants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Judy Heumann mentioned about prejudices and discriminations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

And Korea is one of those Asian countries with traditionally very deep\_rooted negative attitudes towards people with disabilities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

So the lecturers, the academics, unless they have special motivation and special training, for that matter, they wouldn't be all that sympathetic to students with the disabilities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Even if they want to, they may not know how to handle or deal with a student with a disabilities or totally ignore them or treat them as a nuisance.

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\ql \fi432\li864\ri2116\sl285\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin2116\lin864\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 And also, generally personal relationship matters, getting on with other people, administrators and peers, etc.

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi432\li864\ri2116\sl285\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin2116\lin864\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 And handling study\_related matters, home works, assignments, note taking, and things like that.

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\ql \fi432\li864\ri2116\sl285\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin2116\lin864\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 And overall, unlike American universities, I don't think Korean universities are well developed or have well\_developed system, for guidance counseling as such, and would be worse in the case of students with disabilities.

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi432\li864\ri2116\sl285\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin2116\lin864\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 Other difficulties, overall campus life, administrative matters, utilizing campus amenities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

I'll tell you any thoughts, I have on one hand, when you go to a canteen, there was no tray}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

You try to cope with all the food with one hand, and serve yourself, I found that extremely difficult, so I really had to fight very hard with the university administration to have a kind of shelf prepared alongside, you know, food stores}{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 And I was complimented by later academics, that they found it very useful to have their shelves to put their handbooks on, etc.

\par So that every corner you find better ground to improve any facilities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 And it would be worse for the students, let alone academics.

\par I talked about providing general support for students}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Let me just provide an illustrations with regard to deaf students}{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 For example, I mean, we have a nice lady interpreting sign language}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Sign language practice very limited}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 It's coming on gradually}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Some local authorities, they are really brave enough to hire sign language interpreters, but when I mentioned 80% of private education are provided by private

institutions, hiring sign language interpreters, means extra money.

\par I don't think they're prepared to do that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

In national universities, some, very limited major universities, they hire sign language interpreters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

When they are hired, they complain they work more than six hours a day}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

You know, how physically strenuous it is moving your body and hand, etc., but nobody understand that sign language can be so difficult}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

I understand that in the way that I speak English, for example, the sign language interpreters are not all equal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

There are good ones and poor ones}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Am I correct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 ? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Some are really fluent, some are not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

So that you don't know the quality of interpreters you're hiring or employing.

\par And also one sign language interpreters may not be able to teach

engineering, sociology, and other topic areas, so you are looking at a variety of language skills in order to be able to support one student participating in one program or course, for example}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }

{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 So that there are enormous challenges}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 So that we haven't tho

ught about those challenges when we introduce tertiary education system}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

The bureaucrat, they pass the law, but they didn't fully understand the implications of what they are doing.

\par And, also, note taking as a method of support, we haven't trained enough note taking supporters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

Captioning, as I understand, is a very expensive and very skilled business, so we have a great need of training sign language interpreters, notetakers, and captioning specialists in order to make the tertiary education system nor successful.

\par That really means making best use of cutting\_edge interactive and also technological facilities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

Again, comes with initiative and cost for society.

\par And the other problems that I heard again and again, that you're trying to train students at a tertiary institutions when they come in to university, but I think that's too late}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Much too late}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

I mean, the university use very specialized and sophisticated jargons, if you like}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

I understand, although I'm not a specialist in deaf education, the gap between ordinary students and deaf students is about seven years insofar as literacy, competency is concerned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 How are you going to fill the gap of seven years when you bring students in to tertiary sector?

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\ql \fi432\li864\ri2116\sl285\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin2116\lin864\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 On top of that, without the kind of support that I mentioned earlier, not even single tutors in the school relationships.

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi432\li864\ri2116\sl285\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin2116\lin864\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 So, I guess we have enormous task of improving campus life or learning environment for the campus, to create a campus based upon support services}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 To do that, we have to do a few things}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

To systematically introduce an early diagnosis and intervention method}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

And, also, to develop early deaf education as a part of mainstream education}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 And to recruit and train early\_

education specialists and to develop sound parents education support system as a basic requirement to make the tertiary education successful}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 .

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 When I mention creation of campus\_based support services, I have a few things in mind}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 Ways of improving student and faculty relationship}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 I think it's very important that deaf students

feel that they are accepted and they are part of the system, while not feeling alienated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 We also have to develop very extensive peer\_

support system}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Mainly because I think that will be perhaps in the short term more cost effective, cheaper than other versions.

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\ql \fi432\li864\ri2116\sl285\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin2116\lin864\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 We also have to develop a guideline, a kind of compile a handbook for campus life for deaf students as well as other deaf students, because once they are on a campus, they don't know what to do, where to go, who to contact.

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi432\li864\ri2116\sl285\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin2116\lin864\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 I strongly believe in organizing regular workshops or faculty members, administrators and normal students}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

And other staff members, because once we have students with disability in campus, we'll focus too much upon students with disability at the expense of other disabled people}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 There are far more people who play a key role in making tertiary education successful, academics and other staff members, and also other student population}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 That really means we really have to create a barrier\_free campus environment in a true sense of the word}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{

\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Physical barriers, obviously}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

I think we're doing quite well, actually, in a sense removing physical barriers is much easier than removing other barriers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

So long as you have the money, so long as you have some idea of the principles of universal design, I think you can improve on, you know, in removing the steps and putting elevators, etc.

\par But other psychological and human barriers would be really formidable tasks and will take a lot of time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

And I'd like to see the installation of students or study support center in each campus.

\par I want to monitor the private education foundation to allocate certain amount of money that they have earned through collecting fees will go into providing a study support centers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Without those infrastructures, I just fail to see how we will make any progress with the tertiary education system}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 So that those three aspect that I mentioned as a final point, are the sort of conclusions for my paper}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

Thank you very much}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 That was my presentation.

\par [Applause]

\par Do you have any questions?

\par >> AUDIENCE MEMBER: Could you give us an idea of the system of elementary and secondary education for deaf and hard\_of\_hearing students in Korea?

\par >> HYUNG SHIK KIM: Yes, I think I can do that, and according to the information I have, we have about 2,800 students eligible for primary education}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 And about 90% of them can obtain primary schools, for the deaf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 We have up to about 1,300

students eligible for secondary school, and according to my data, about up to 84% can have access to middle school}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 .

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 And senior high, about 1,300 identified people, and when you go to senior high, only about 62% go up to tertiary education}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 So that you can see declining number of students moving on from primary and secondary and senior high.

\par >> AUDIENCE MEMBER: Are there separate schools for the deaf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 ?

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 >> HYUNG SHIK KIM: Yes, separate schools}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 As I mentioned earlier, 14

government schools in each province, as well as 11 other private institutions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

Again, they are private, but supported by the minister of education}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Any other questions you have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 ? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 As I said earlier\~\_\_ OK, yeah.

\par [Inaudible question]

\par >> HYUNG SHIK KIM: How the\~\_\_

\par [Inaudible question]

\par >> HYUNG SHIK KIM: I'm not sure I understand your question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Quota}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{

\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 It's quota}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 It's a quota, but what that really means

that any student with the disability can apply}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 That means people eligible normally for special education}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 In other words, they do not necessarily have to prove the academic ability to study tertiary education}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 That's the very interesting point, actually}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

So that even if they went into university, the concern, people like I have is, it's no good coming out of university, with university qualification or certificate, so long as there is a quality backup}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 .

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 I would like to see them staying longer, make it more rigorous so that when they come out, their degree will be as good as anyone else's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 .

}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 I'm sure the time will come, people will start ignoring those qualifications}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

I know you have university study, but you are not good enough for our society}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 That would be really dreadful}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 That would be dreadful}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

Perhaps I should mention to you that we estimate the Korean population is about 47 million}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 About 300,000 deaf people}{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 About 160,000 people identified, register themselves as deaf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 So we are looking at about a little over 300,000 deaf people}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 But they are very active in different areas

}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Some very talented as well}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 But as I said earlier, the interpretation is coming in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 I see some captioning in TVs, etc.

\par We are moving very fast, but technologically we are so behind in training good teachers, combining technology with educational programs, etc.

\par Any other questions?

\par >> OK}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 We're really going to need to stop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 We're a little over 11:00.

\par >> HYUNG SHIK KIM: We're told until a quarter past 10:00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 .

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 >> I'm sorry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 .

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 >> HYUNG SHIK KIM: OK}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Question?

\par >> AUDIENCE MEMBER: My name is Canada, I came from D.C.D.

\par You were saying that you wish to see some student support centers to be made, to be implemented in Korea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

Could you tell us more about your, like, own personal, like, opinion, you know, picture, blueprint of how these academic support centers should be run?

\par >> HYUNG SHIK KIM: I think that's very difficult one, in the sense that in some ways, you elect to have campus support center designed for specificity difficulty, like deaf, paraplegic, blind, etc.

\par But on the other hand, there are some difficulties in expecting each campus to actually invest personnel or facilities to cater for specific disabilities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 So that to begin with, I'd like to see a comprehensive unit, which can cater for different disability types}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

But on the other hand, if the universities are wise, rather than trying to cater for different types of disabilities, like five or six types, they can identify, look, we are specializing deaf students}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 .

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Look, we are specializing on blind students, or physically handicapped students}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 We'd like to specialize on paraplegic or physically handicapped people}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

So that if universities can agree on those broad principles, that will be really good}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 But being private

enterprise, I don't see that happening}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

I don't see that universities, administrators would have that kind of foresight that we have as a special NIST this area}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

Ideally, that's what I'd like to see.

\par >> AUDIENCE MEMBER: There must be more than one universities in the colleges in Korea that accept the disabled students}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

So you are saying each one of these school campuses should have their own support centers?

\par >> HYUNG SHIK KIM: As I mentioned, the data earlier, there are about 58 tertiary institutions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 I t

hink where you're heading for, perhaps ideally, yes, ideally, I'd like to see each university having its own disability service centers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

If not, there can be a consortium of disability centers so that consortium for different disability types, like deaf, paraplegics, physically handicapped or visually handicapped, for example}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 .

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Again, you know, if you had more national university system where government can intervene, it would be more feasible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1

\af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 But when you have private institutions competing for more student numbers and collecting fees it's just very difficult to see that kind of collaboration coming}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 So that, yeah, I like your question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

I would like to push some kind of subcenter, setting up a subcenter, as a kind of a national agenda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 That may be one way of going about it

.

\par >> AUDIENCE MEMBER: And one last question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Is there any standards already launched, already established in Korea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26

\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 ?

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 >> HYUNG SHIK KIM: No}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

There is one national college of welfare and rehabilitation with the centers, and there are one or t

wo universities trying to specialize more of an inclusive education so that I can count about three or four, not the best, but still, that's very encouraging development to see that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{

\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 And I'd like to see other universities modeling or benchmarking the initial development that is taking place in Korea at the moment.

\par >> AUDIENCE MEMBER: Thank you very much}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 .

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 >> HYUNG SHIK KIM: Thank you very much}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537

I guess normal question is time for us to finish}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Thank you very much}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{

\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Thank you very much for your help}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid5846537 Thank you}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0

\fs26\insrsid5846537 .

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi432\li864\ri2116\sl285\slmult0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin2116\lin864\itap0\pararsid5846537 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af2 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5846537 [Applause]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5846537 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2 \ltrch\fcs0

\insrsid5846537

\par }}